Brand hatred encompasses a range of negative emotions towards a brand, such as anger, disgust, contempt and disappointment. It is often rooted in ideological incompatibility, which refers to a conflict between a brand’s values and those of the consumer, as well as negative experiences and corporate misconduct. In addition, symbolic or image incongruity can contribute to brand hatred, particularly when there is a mismatch between a brand’s typical image and the consumer’s self-image. In response to this brand hatred, consumers generally adopt one of two strategies: avoidance, which is similar to a flight reaction, or revenge, which is similar to a confrontational reaction.

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Le risque de change est le danger financier lié aux variations des taux entre devises, affectant entreprises, investisseurs et particuliers dans leurs transactions internationales. Il peut impacter les revenus, les investissements ou les remboursements de prêts selon l'évolution des monnaies. On distingue le risque de transaction, de conversion et économique. Sa gestion repose sur des mécanismes internes (facturation, netting) ou externes (contrats à terme, options), avec un équilibre à trouver entre coût et protection.
AJILI BEN YOUSSEF Wissem - EM Normandie |
- Dico du Management
- Finance d’Entreprise et Finance de Marché