Based on secondary and primary evidence of their practices, this paper analyses the similarities and differences in the methodologies adopted by CSR rating agencies to assess a firm’s CSR performance. Evidence of similarities (e.g. the use of environment, social and governance themes, exclusion criteria, adoption of positive criteria, client/’customised’ input, quantification), but also several elements of differences emerge, namely in terms of the thresholds for exclusion, transparent vs. confidential approach, industry-specific ratings, and weights for each dimension. Drawing from Sandberg et al.’s (2009) conceptualisations, we tentatively argue that this mixed picture may reflect competing organisational pressures to adopt a differentiation approach at the strategic and practical levels whilst recognising, and incorporating, the ‘globalising’ tendencies of the CSR business at the terminological levels.

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Virtual influencers are 100% Computer Generated Influencers created by AI and 3D artists. These virtual influences can model, sing, and even interact with fans—without ever existing in real life. Despite the risks of virtual influencers (e.g., lack of authenticity, ethical and transparency concerns, etc.), they represent enormous opportunities for brands.
ZAMAN Mustafeed - EM Normandie |
- Management Dictionary
- Digital Transformation, Marketing, Sales and Communication