What is an Investment?

Management Dictionary
Corporate and Market Finance

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An investment is the allocation of resources, typically money, with the goal of generating returns or profit. Investments can take many forms, such as stocks, bonds, or real estate. While they inherently carry risk, smart strategies and diversification can help mitigate potential losses and increase gains.

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Auteur.e(s)

SALLOUM Charbel
Professeur associé
EM Normandie

Institution(s)

Vidéos de la même institution

01:55

What is Strategic Renewal?

In times of crisis, SME entrepreneurs update and replace the firm’s resources and capabilities within strategic renewal processes in order to maintain organizational resilience. Appearing in the form of internal development and external sourcing, the outcomes of strategic renewal are explained by the synergy of individual, organizational, and environmental factors that reinforce SMEs’ dynamic capabilities. This research presents a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of the conjunctural causality between multi-level dynamic capability configurations and SME strategic renewal outcomes.

WANG Yihan - EM Normandie |

Management Dictionary
Strategic Management, Sustainable Development and CSR

02:53

What is the option in finance?

An option is the right to buy (call) or sell (put) an underlying asset at a predetermined expiration date and price, known as the strike price. The underlying asset can be a commodity, currency, interest rate, stock, or bond. The expiration date is the date on which the option is exercised. Options can be used as hedging tools or to speculate on whether the price of an underlying asset will rise or fall.

LEGROS Benjamin - EM Normandie |

Management Dictionary
Corporate and Market Finance

02:38

Innovation Pays Off—Especially with University Partners

Cette étude analyse 2 986 entreprises d’Amérique latine (2009–2017, base LAIS) pour comprendre comment les collaborations universités–entreprises influencent le lien entre dépenses d’innovation et résultats d’innovation. Les résultats montrent (1) une relation positive entre dépenses et résultats, et (2) un effet modérateur significatif de la collaboration universitaire : à budget équivalent, les entreprises partenaires des universités obtiennent davantage d’innovations. La qualité des partenariats compte autant que leur existence. Implications : structurer la coopération (objectifs, IP), investir dans le capital humain, et mobiliser les ressources académiques comme amplificateurs de capacité.

PLATA Carlos - EM Normandie |

Research
Innovation Management

04:30

Beyond Tech Transfer: How University Collaborations Turn R&D into Results

Les entreprises investissent massivement en R&D, mais l’impact reste parfois inégal. Travailler avec les universités aide à passer des idées aux solutions utiles—non seulement via les brevets ou les équipements, mais grâce à la dimension humaine des connaissances. Un langage partagé, des routines simples et un apprentissage conjoint alignent les équipes et évitent les retours en arrière. En co-concevant le cahier des charges, en libérant un peu de temps aux chercheurs et en s’appuyant sur un soutien juridique et de gestion de projet solide, la collaboration avance mieux. Le prestige peut ouvrir la première porte, mais la valeur naît du travail quotidien ensemble : adoption plus rapide, processus améliorés, compétences qui restent dans l’entreprise. Quand les universités reconnaissent et valorisent ces résultats, les partenariats se renforcent. En bref : investir dans la relation qui porte le savoir-faire sécurise et améliore le rendement de la R&D.

PLATA Carlos - EM Normandie |

Interview
Innovation Management

Vidéos de la même thématique

What is the Initial Coin Offering?

An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is a modern fundraising method for start-ups, similar to crowdfunding but using digital tokens instead of traditional cash or rewards. Investors purchase these tokens, which they can later use to buy the product or resell for potential profit. ICOs provide entrepreneurs with a global financing opportunity while offering investors early access to innovative projects. Overall, ICOs connect entrepreneurship, finance, and blockchain technology, making them a revolutionary tool for start-up funding.

DELL’ERA Michele - EDC Business School |

Management Dictionary
Corporate and Market Finance, Entrepreneurship

Environmental Tax Policies in Emerging Markets: Does Confidence in Political Institutions Matter?

The goal of this study is to examine how environmental taxes influence the comparative advantage in environmental products and carbon emissions within emerging economies. To gain a better understanding, we examine whether this impact changes depending on the level of government integrity. The results indicate that increased environmental taxes mitigate the comparative advantage in environmental goods for emerging markets. However, for countries with high levels of government integrity, higher environmental taxes enhance their competitive edge in environmental goods. Additionally, our findings show that although a rise in environmental taxes is associated with higher carbon emissions, raising such taxes results in a reduction in carbon emissions for emerging economies with solid government integrity. These findings suggest that robust political institutions are crucial in promoting the comparative advantage of emerging markets in environmental goods and mitigating climate change. In the absence of substantial confidence in political or governmental institutions, the efficient implementation of climate taxes poses considerable challenges. Furthermore, we observe that an increase in the comparative advantage of environmental goods results in a decrease in carbon emissions.

KOCAARSLAN Baris - EDC Business School |

Research
Corporate and Market Finance

In Machine Learning We Trust: A Bankruptcy Prediction Application

Recently, ensemble-based machine learning models have been widely adopted and have demonstrated their effectiveness in bankruptcy prediction. However, these algorithms often function as black boxes, making it difficult to understand how they generate forecasts. This lack of transparency has led to growing interest in interpretability methods within artificial intelligence research. In this paper, we assess the predictive performance of Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, and NGBoost (Natural Gradient Boosting for probabilistic prediction) on French firms across various industries, with a forecasting horizon of one to five years. We then apply Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), a model-agnostic interpretability technique, to explain XGBoost, one of the best-performing models in our study. SHAP highlights the contribution of each feature to the model’s predictions, enabling a clearer understanding of how financial and macroeconomic factors influence bankruptcy risk. Moreover, it allows for the explanation of individual predictions, making black-box models more applicable in credit risk management.

NGUYEN Hoang Hiep - EM Normandie |

Research
Corporate and Market Finance

Algorithmic trading, what if it is just an illusion?

We experimentally investigate whether and how the potential presence of algorithmic trading (AT) in human-only asset markets can influence humans’ price forecasts, trading activities and price dynamics. Two trading strategies commonly employed by high-frequency traders, spoofing (SP) – associated with market manipulation – and market making (MM) – seen as liquidity provision – are considered.

JACOB-LEAL Sandrine - FNEGE |

Research
Corporate and Market Finance

Corporate and Market Finance

What is an Investment?

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