The CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) is a European directive that requires large companies and certain SMEs to disclose information on their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. It aims to enhance the transparency and reliability of sustainability reporting and enable better comparability across organizations. The directive introduces the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) and requires the verification of reports by an independent third-party body. A “double materiality” approach is also required, asking companies to assess both the impact of sustainability on their business and the impact of their activities on society and the environment.

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The income statement is an essential document in accounting, showing the evolution of a company's income and expenses over a period, unlike the balance sheet which captures a situation at a precise moment. It is divided into three categories: operating (routine activities), financial (financing operations) and exceptional (specific events). The income statement influences economic performance and profitability, helping to guide decisions.
BOLLINGER Sophie - Faculté des Sciences Economiques et de Gestion Strasbourg |
- Management Dictionary
- Accounting and editing, Corporate and Market Finance
