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03:18

What are target costs?

How can costs be reduced without diminishing the product’s value for the customer? This question is at the origin of the target costing approach. It is not a cost calculation technique, but rather a cost management method. Its objective is to deliver a product whose perceived value meets customer expectations while not exceeding a maximum cost, the target cost, which ensures that shareholder margin requirements are met. This method is based on two principles: the additivity principle and the symmetry principle. The approach aims to control costs while preserving customer value. However, it can be very complex to implement.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

02:42

What is variance analysis?

Variance analysis allows for the precise identification of the origins of differences between what was budgeted and what was actually achieved, and for the measurement of the financial impact of each cause. Thus, it is possible to calculate cost variances, revenue variances, and margin variances. For each element, sub-variances can also be calculated. Variance analysis helps to identify the main sources of profit decline, including cost overruns and revenue decreases, and to measure their financial consequences. This facilitates corrective actions by prioritizing the most significant factors. Moreover, this approach can be adapted to analyze the evolution of data between two periods.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

02:41

What is dashboard?

A dashboard brings together indicators, numerical measures that assess the degree of achievement of objectives. Some indicators have strategic importance; these are known as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Dashboards are created and used either at the department level, as part of reporting, or at the company-wide level, as part of strategic management. In the latter case, they are referred to as strategic dashboards. They help to address two limitations of accounting: the lag between information and action and the narrow focus on financial data. Dashboards are very flexible because there is no legal obligation to implement them. However, this freedom can sometimes create challenges.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

02:44

What is the internal transfer price?

The transfer price (also known as the internal transfer price) corresponds to the selling price applied in a transaction between two economic units or two affiliated companies. It serves to value internal transactions, align the objectives of the associated entities, motivate teams, and optimize both profit and taxation. From a purely computational standpoint, two main approaches can be distinguished: those based on the cost of the operation, and those based on the market price. However, when affiliated companies are located in different countries, the OECD has established principles governing how transfer prices should be determined. These principles aim to ensure compliance with the arm’s length principle and to reduce the risk of tax evasion. The determination of transfer prices therefore raises important strategic questions.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

03:28

What is the break-even point?

The break-even point is an essential concept in business management. It represents the level of activity that a company must reach in order to stop losing money. If activity falls below this level, the company incurs losses; above it, the company generates a profit. Its calculation is based on the behavior of costs. It allows managers to estimate in advance how easily the company can achieve a profit, depending on production capacity, sales forecasts, and other factors. It therefore serves as a tool to assess business risk.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

03:43

What are sunk costs?

When a manager makes a decision, they seek to evaluate the financial impact of that decision. The relevant cost to be calculated includes only the variation in expenses resulting from that choice. Expenses that have already been incurred, and that will exist regardless of the decision made, should not be taken into account. These expenses correspond to sunk costs.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

03:26

What is production capacity?

In both the industrial sector and the service industry, production capacity is a central concept. It represents the maximum quantity that can be produced by an entity. It is linked to the resources, assets, and means used to produce goods or services. Various indicators are used to manage it, such as capacity measurement, utilization rate, and efficiency. Different levers can be activated to manage capacity — either by acting directly on it or by adjusting demand.

TAHAR Caroline - iaelyon School of Management |

Management Dictionary
Management Control

03:31

What is employee share ownership?

Employee shareholding refers to the ownership of company shares by its employees. Widely spread in France, it involves more than 3 million employees who hold on average 3.9% of the capital of CAC40 companies, but remains rare in SMEs (1 in 100). Accessible to all employees, it has benefited from tax advantages since the 1960s and enjoys broad political consensus. However, it encompasses varied realities depending on the company size, the percentage of capital held, and the distribution of shares among employees. In the United States, research has mainly focused on SMEs where employees own 30% of the capital, showing benefits such as better performance, increased employee engagement, and enhanced attractiveness. Employee shareholding was originally designed as a way to harmonize relations between capital and labor, with its real impact depending on fair implementation.

Management Dictionary
Corporate and Market Finance, Governance, Human Resources Management, Organizational Theory, Sustainable Development and CSR

04:12

What is disability at work?

Why talk about disability at work? Disability affects 30% of the population, often invisible and rarely discussed. Yet, open conversations about disability in the workplace promote inclusion and improve accessibility for everyone through the “curb-cut effect.” Discover why every effort matters to create a fairer and more welcoming work environment.

STARZYK Anita - NEOMA Business School |

Management Dictionary
Human Resources Management, Sustainable Development and CSR

04:16

What is sustainability reporting?

Sustainability, or societal, reporting encompasses the environmental and social information related to an entity’s activities, which is used for internal management purposes and may also be disclosed to external stakeholders. In a context where disclosure has been largely voluntary, this type of reporting has faced criticism regarding its quality. Instances of greenwashing strategies and selective disclosure of favorable information for legitimization purposes have been documented in the literature. Today marks the beginning of an era of standardization in this field. Several standard-setting initiatives are currently underway, led by different bodies that do not fully converge on the dimensions to be addressed.

SPRING Sophie - Montpellier Management |

Management Dictionary
Accounting and editing, Information Systems, Management Control, Sustainable Development and CSR

02:33

Digital Brand Equity in the Digital Age

Tools and metrics for brand equity are proving inadequate in the rapidly evolving digital era. The study proposes a novel approach to Digital Brand Equity metrics. These metrics should not be based solely on social media and current digital indicators. New metrics should incorporate the share of search, digital brand awareness, and digital brand sentiment constructs. The study develops a Digital Brand Equity research agenda and underscores the critical research and policy questions

DAVCIK Nebojsa - EM Normandie |

Research
Marketing, Sales and Communication

03:11

What does gender equality in organizations really mean?

Gender equality goes beyond numbers it’s about inclusion. While laws like Copé-Zimmermann have increased women’s representation, true equality means ensuring their voices influence decisions and their contributions are valued. Intersectionality shows that barriers are often compounded by factors like ethnicity or age. The real transition is moving from diversity to inclusion creating cultures where every voice counts and equality drives innovation and resilience.

TAGHAVI Shiva - NEOMA Business School |

Trends
Human Resources Management