This study investigates how green investment assets improve optimal portfolio diversification in terms of tail downside risk. We use the wavelet conditional value-at-risk ratio to explore the benefits of adding green assets to conventional portfolios. We quantify risk based on the contagion between conventional stock market indices and green environmental assets, including a sustainability index, clean energy, and green bonds. Our findings emphasize the high variance between conventional stock pairs, providing evidence of contagion effects before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that including clean energy and green bond indices in conventional portfolios reduces the extreme risk of portfolios. In addition, we find that the diversification benefits of clean energy, green bonds, and safe-haven investments apply especially in the short term during the pandemic. Finally, we show that the considered portfolios could not decrease long-term risk during the COVID-19 crisis because of the systematic risk spread. Our portfolio optimization design supports the superiority of clean energy and green bonds in portfolio diversification over the sustainability index. These insights can be used by portfolio managers to inform diversification in different investment horizons.
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Despite the important role of entrepreneurship in alleviating poverty, scholars have paid little attention to the relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty in developed countries. As a result, our understanding of how entrepreneurship can contribute to poverty alleviation in these contexts remains limited, even though poverty in developed countries had been rising well before the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic literature review aims to build a foundational understanding of this phenomenon by examining research articles that address the link between entrepreneurship and poverty in developed countries. The authors identify 51 relevant studies published between 1990 and 2020. This paper offers new insights and outlines several promising directions for future research to advance the literature on entrepreneurship and poverty.
- Recherche
- Entrepreneuriat